Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-22 (of 22 Records) |
Query Trace: Coker D[original query] |
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Value of rigorous review and evaluation to support implementation of effective sexual violence prevention programming
Coker Ann L , Ray Colleen M . J Adolesc Health 2024 74 (1) 210-210 The goal of identifying evidence-based programming that reduces sexual violence (SV) on college campuses and elsewhere is crucial given SV's high lifetime frequency, the range of mental and physical health consequences linked to SV, and its economic costs [1]. To reduce SV on college campuses, the US Campus Sexual Assault Violence Elimination (SaVE) Act of 2013 (www.campussaveact.org) mandated institutions of higher learning to provide primary prevention and awareness programming to reduce SV. Sexual Assault Violence Elimination (SaVE) now acts as an impetus for novel SV prevention programming development and evaluation. Yet when SaVE was enacted, few SV prevention programs had been rigorously evaluated for their efficacy to prevent or reduce SV, including in which settings and with which students. Systematic reviews are strategic approaches to establish the effectiveness of SV programming to prevent SV or mitigate the, often life-long, trauma associated with SV [2,3] and are used to inform resources that can be used by communities for action. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's STOP SV resource for action [4] provides a summary of the best available evidence needed to establish an evidence base for selecting SV prevention programming. While important, the STOP SV resource for action was published in 2016, and an update is needed to reflect the recent evaluations as well an expanded range of settings and persons that could benefit from SV prevention intervention programming. |
Childhood exposures to environmental chemicals and neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital heart disease
Gaynor JW , Burnham NB , Ittenbach RF , Gerdes M , Bernbaum JC , Zackai E , Licht DJ , Russell WW , Zullo EE , Miller T , Hakonarson H , Clarke KA , Jarvik GP , Calafat AM , Bradman A , Bellinger DC , Henretig FM , Coker ES . PLoS One 2022 17 (11) e0277611 BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart defects have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The impact of environmental chemical exposures during daily life on neurodevelopmental outcomes in toddlers with congenital heart defects is unknown. METHODS: This prospective study investigated the impacts of early childhood exposure to mixtures of environmental chemicals on neurodevelopmental outcomes after cardiac surgery. Outcomes were assessed at 18 months of age using The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III. Urinary concentrations of exposure biomarkers of pesticides, phenols, parabens, and phthalates, and blood levels of lead, mercury, and nicotine were measured at the same time point. Bayesian profile regression and weighted quantile sum regression were utilized to assess associations between mixtures of biomarkers and neurodevelopmental scores. RESULTS: One-hundred and forty infants were enrolled, and 110 (79%) returned at 18 months of age. Six biomarker exposure clusters were identified from the Bayesian profile regression analysis; and the pattern was driven by 15 of the 30 biomarkers, most notably 13 phthalate biomarkers. Children in the highest exposure cluster had significantly lower adjusted language scores by -9.41 points (95%CI: -17.2, -1.7) and adjusted motor scores by -4.9 points (-9.5, -0.4) compared to the lowest exposure. Weighted quantile sum regression modeling for the overall exposure-response relationship showed a significantly lower adjusted motor score ( = -2.8 points [2.5th and 97.5th percentile: -6.0, -0.6]). The weighted quantile sum regression index weights for several phthalates, one paraben, and one phenol suggest their relevance for poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Like other children, infants with congenital heart defects are exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals in daily life. Higher exposure biomarker concentrations were associated with significantly worse performance for language and motor skills in this population. |
Establishing a standardized surveillance system for health care-associated infections in Vietnam
Coker D , Phuong HTK , Nguyen LTP , Ninh T , Gupta N , Ha TTT , Truong NT , Van Thanh H , Vasquez A , Bui HTT , Malpiedi P . Glob Health Sci Pract 2022 10 (3) Standardized surveillance for health care-associated infections (HAI) is critical to understand HAI burden and inform prevention strategies at a national level. Due to differing and generally limited resources in Vietnam’s health care facilities, implementation of HAI surveillance has been variable and data quality has not been systematically assessed. In 2016, the Vietnam Administration for Medical Services (VAMS) under the Ministry of Health, with the support of partners, began to establish a context-appropriate, standardized HAI surveillance system for bloodstream infections (BSI) and urinary tract infections (UTI) among 6 pilot hospitals in Vietnam. We identified 5 key elements of our HAI surveillance implementation process that have been conducive to ensuring data quality and program sustainability and scalability. These include: (1) engaging stakeholders, (2) designating roles and responsibilities, (3) developing context-sensitive, standardized surveillance protocols, (4) creating a surveillance implementation strategy, and (5) linking HAI surveillance and prevention activities. With the active participation of infection prevention and control staff from the 6 pilot hospitals, standardized HAI surveillance for BSIs and UTIs was expanded to 12 additional hospitals in 2019. Together, VAMS and partners are helping Vietnam fulfill its commitment to safe health care for all patients. © Coker et al. |
Nigeria's public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic: January to May 2020.
Dan-Nwafor C , Ochu CL , Elimian K , Oladejo J , Ilori E , Umeokonkwo C , Steinhardt L , Igumbor E , Wagai J , Okwor T , Aderinola O , Mba N , Hassan A , Dalhat M , Jinadu K , Badaru S , Arinze C , Jafiya A , Disu Y , Saleh F , Abubakar A , Obiekea C , Yinka-Ogunleye A , Naidoo D , Namara G , Muhammad S , Ipadeola O , Ofoegbunam C , Ogunbode O , Akatobi C , Alagi M , Yashe R , Crawford E , Okunromade O , Aniaku E , Mba S , Agogo E , Olugbile M , Eneh C , Ahumibe A , Nwachukwu W , Ibekwe P , Adejoro OO , Ukponu W , Olayinka A , Okudo I , Aruna O , Yusuf F , Alex-Okoh M , Fawole T , Alaka A , Muntari H , Yennan S , Atteh R , Balogun M , Waziri N , Ogunniyi A , Ebhodaghe B , Lokossou V , Abudulaziz M , Adebiyi B , Abayomi A , Abudus-Salam I , Omilabu S , Lawal L , Kawu M , Muhammad B , Tsanyawa A , Soyinka F , Coker T , Alabi O , Joannis T , Dalhatu I , Swaminathan M , Salako B , Abubakar I , Fiona B , Nguku P , Aliyu SH , Ihekweazu C . J Glob Health 2020 10 (2) 020399 The novel coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1] was first reported in December 2019 by Chinese Health Authorities following an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province [2,3]. SARS-CoV-2 is likely of zoonotic origin, similar to SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and transmitted between humans through respiratory droplets and fomites. Since its emergence, it has rapidly spread globally [4]. |
Increasing early childhood screening in primary care through a quality improvement collaborative
Flower KB , Massie S , Janies K , Bassewitz JB , Coker TR , Gillespie RJ , Macias MM , Whitaker TM , Zubler J , Steinberg D , DeStigter L , Earls MF . Pediatrics 2020 146 (3) OBJECTIVES: Multiple early childhood screenings are recommended, but gaps persist in implementation. Our aim for this project was to improve screening, discussion, referral, and follow-up of development, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), maternal depression, and social determinants of health (SDoH) to 90% by July 2018. METHODS: This 1-year national quality improvement collaborative involved 19 pediatric primary care practices. Supported by virtual and in-person learning opportunities, practice teams implemented changes to early childhood screening. Monthly chart reviews were used to assess screening, discussion, referral, and follow-up for development, ASD, maternal depression, and SDoH. Parent surveys were used to assess parent-reported screening and referral and/or resource provision. Practice self-ratings and team surveys were used to assess practice-level changes. RESULTS: Participating practices included independent, academic, hospital-affiliated, and multispecialty group practices and community health centers in 12 states. The collaborative met development and ASD screening goals of >90%. Largest increases in screening occurred for maternal depression (27% to 87%; +222%; P < .001) and SDoH (26% to 76%; +231%; P < .001). Statistically significant increases in discussion of results occurred for all screening areas. For referral, significant increases were seen for development (53% to 86%; P < .001) and maternal depression (23% to 100%; P = .008). Parents also reported increased screening and referral and/or resource provision. Practice-level changes included improved systems to support screening. CONCLUSIONS: Practices successfully implemented multiple screenings and demonstrated improvement in subsequent discussion, referral, and follow-up steps. Continued advocacy for adequate resources to support referral and follow-up is needed to translate increased screening into improved health outcomes. |
Prevention of sexual violence among college students: Current challenges and future directions
Bonar EE , DeGue S , Abbey A , Coker AL , Lindquist CH , McCauley HL , Miller E , Senn CY , Thompson MP , Ngo QM , Cunningham RM , Walton MA . J Am Coll Health 2020 70 (2) 1-14 Objective: Preventing sexual violence among college students is a public health priority. This paper was catalyzed by a summit convened in 2018 to review the state of the science on campus sexual violence prevention. We summarize key risk and vulnerability factors and campus-based interventions, and provide directions for future research pertaining to campus sexual violence. Results and Conclusions: Although studies have identified risk factors for campus sexual violence, longitudinal research is needed to examine time-varying risk factors across social ecological levels (individual, relationship, campus context/broader community and culture) and data are particularly needed to identify protective factors. In terms of prevention, promising individual and relational level interventions exist, including active bystander, resistance, and gender transformative approaches; however, further evidence-based interventions are needed, particularly at the community-level, with attention to vulnerability factors and inclusion for marginalized students. |
Prenatal phthalate, paraben, and phenol exposure and childhood allergic and respiratory outcomes: Evaluating exposure to chemical mixtures
Berger K , Coker E , Rauch S , Eskenazi B , Balmes J , Kogut K , Holland N , Calafat AM , Harley K . Sci Total Environ 2020 725 138418 BACKGROUND: Chemicals found in personal care products and plastics have been associated with asthma, allergies, and lung function, but methods to address real life exposure to mixtures of these chemicals have not been applied to these associations. METHODS: We quantified urinary concentrations of eleven phthalate metabolites, four parabens, and five other phenols in mothers twice during pregnancy and assessed probable asthma, aeroallergies, and lung function in their age seven children. We implemented Bayesian Profile Regression (BPR) to cluster women by their exposures to these chemicals and tested the clusters for differences in outcome measurements. We used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to fit biomarkers into one model as joint independent variables. RESULTS: BPR clustered women into seven groups characterized by patterns of personal care product and plastic use, though there were no significant differences in outcomes across clusters. BKMR showed that monocarboxyisooctyl phthalate and 2,4-dichlorophenol were associated with probable asthma (predicted probability of probable asthma per IQR of biomarker z-score (standard deviation) = 0.08 (0.09) and 0.11 (0.12), respectively) and poorer lung function (predicted probability per IQR = -0.07 (0.05) and -0.07 (0.06), respectively), and that mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate and bisphenol A were associated with aeroallergies (predicted probability per IQR = 0.13 (0.09) and 0.11 (0.08), respectively). Several biomarkers demonstrated positive additive effects on other associations. CONCLUSIONS: BPR and BKMR are useful tools to evaluate associations of biomarker concentrations within a mixture of exposure and should supplement single-chemical regression models when data allow. |
Do violence acceptance and bystander actions explain the effects of green dot on reducing violence perpetration in high schools
Bush HM , Coker AL , DeGue S , Clear ER , Brancato CJ , Fisher BS . J Interpers Violence 2019 36 10753-10774 This study extends prior analyses from a 5-year multisite cluster-randomized controlled trial to examine how the previously reported effects of the Green Dot bystander-based prevention program worked to reduce violence perpetration. Bystander-based interventions are hypothesized to prevent violence by reducing violence acceptance and increasing trained participants' willingness and ability to actively engage others in violence prevention using safe and effective bystander actions to diffuse or avoid potentially violent situations. We tested this hypothesis by examining whether Green Dot worked to reduce violence through two mediators measured over time: reducing violence acceptance and increasing bystander actions. When accounting for changes in these mediators over time, the effect of this intervention on violence perpetration was hypothesized to be attenuated or explained. At baseline (spring 2010) and annually (2011-2014), all students in recruited high schools (13 intervention, 13 control) completed an anonymous survey (response rate = 83.9%). Student responses were aggregated as school-level counts for the analysis. Path analyses estimated direct and indirect effects at specific points in the implementation of the intervention. Longitudinal models were used to determine if changes in violence acceptance and bystander actions could explain or attenuate the effect of the intervention. Time-framed path model analyses indicated that the intervention worked as expected to increase bystander behaviors and reduce violence acceptance; both potential mediators were significantly associated with sexual violence perpetration. In addition, after adjusting intent-to-treat models for the hypothesized mediators, the intervention was no longer associated with violence perpetration. In conclusion, these findings indicate that this bystander intervention worked as hypothesized to reduce sexual violence perpetration by creating theory-based changes in students' violence acceptance and bystander actions. |
Obesity in relation to serum persistent organic pollutant concentrations in CHAMACOS women
Warner M , Rauch S , Coker ES , Harley K , Kogut K , Sjodin A , Eskenazi B . Environ Epidemiol 2018 2 (4) e032 Background: Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), has been hypothesized to increase risk of obesity. Using data from the Center for Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, we examined the longitudinal relationship between serum concentrations of a POPs mixture and several obesity measures. Method(s): Concentrations of 17 POPs were measured in serum collected in 2009-2011 from 468 CHAMACOS women. Anthropometry measurements and personal interviews were completed at up to three study visits between 2009 and 2014. We assessed the relationship of serum POPs concentrations with adiposity measures longitudinally using generalized estimation equation (GEE) models. We implemented Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to elucidate the effects of joint exposure to the POPs mixture. Result(s): In GEE models, positive associations with body mass index were found for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted beta = 3.2kg/m2; 95% CI = 1.5, 4.9), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted beta = 3.6kg/m2; 95% CI = 2.0, 5.2), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-47 (Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted beta = 1.9kg/m2; 95% CI = 0.3, 3.5), while PBDE-153 was inversely associated (Q4 vs. Q1: adjusted beta = -2.8kg/m2; 95% CI = -4.4, -1.2). BKMR results, while largely consistent with single pollutant models, revealed the shape and direction of the exposure-response relationships, as well as interactions among pollutants within the mixture, that could not be discovered by single-pollutant models. Conclusion(s): In summary, we found significant associations of serum POPs with several adiposity measures using both conventional regressions and BKMR. Our results provide support for the chemical obesogen hypothesis, that exposure to EDCs may alter risk for later obesity. |
Introduction to the special issue: The role of public policies in preventing IPV, TDV, and SV
D'Inverno AS , Kearns MC , Reidy DE . J Interpers Violence 2018 33 (21) 3259-3266 Intimate partner violence (IPV), teen dating violence (TDV), and sexual violence (SV) constitute a major public health problem within the United States. More than 37 million men and 43 million women have experienced contact SV, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their life-time; 25.5 million women and 2.8 million men have been the victims of completed or attempted rape at some point in their lives (Smith et al., 2018). Furthermore, in 2017, 8.0% of high school students reported experiencing physical dating violence and 6.9% reported sexual dating violence in the last year (Kann et al., 2018). Both IPV and SV are associated with multiple negative health impacts and related costs to society, with recent studies suggesting an estimated lifetime economic burden of US $3.6 trillion for IPV and US $3.1 trillion for rape (Peterson, DeGue, Florence, & Lokey, 2017; Peterson et al., 2018). There are numerous efforts and strategies implemented to prevent and reduce these acts of violence; however, the few that have been evaluated and shown to be effective focus on individual- or relationship-level factors and have limited population impact due to difficulty in scaling up these strategies (Spivak et al., 2014; Whitaker, Hall, & Coker, 2009; Whitaker, Murphy, Eckhardt, Hodges, & Cowart, 2013). To this end, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has prioritized the development and evaluation of innovative prevention strategies for IPV, TDV, and SV to have a population-level impact (CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2015). |
Patient-level outcomes and virologic suppression rates in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda
Riedel DJ , Stafford KA , Memiah P , Coker M , Baribwira C , Sebeza J , Karorero E , Nsanzimana S , Morales F , Redfield RR . Int J STD AIDS 2018 29 (9) 956462418761695 The Rwanda national HIV program has been successful at scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) to achieve universal access. The AIDSRelief Model of Care focuses on four key principles: (1) earlier initiation of ART; (2) use of durable, highly-potent, and sequence-friendly first-line ART regimens; (3) early detection of treatment failure; and (4) provision of community-based care and support to ensure optimal adherence and follow up/engagement in care. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of randomly-selected HIV-infected patients at AIDSRelief-supported sites using a stratified, random sample of 583 adults (>15 years) who initiated ART from 30 June 2008 to 1 February 2010. At ART initiation, the median patient age was 38 years, and 67% were female. The baseline median CD4+ cell count was 309 cells/mm(3). Overall virologic suppression was 91%. Married/ever married status (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR] 3.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-10.78) and self-reported adherence >/=95% in the past month (aPOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.00-7.62) were significantly associated with viral suppression in the multivariable model. Excellent virologic outcomes were achieved in Rwandan AIDSRelief sites utilizing the AIDSRelief Model of Care during the scale-up of ART in the country. |
RCT testing bystander effectiveness to reduce violence
Coker AL , Bush HM , Cook-Craig PG , DeGue SA , Clear ER , Brancato CJ , Fisher BS , Recktenwald EA . Am J Prev Med 2017 52 (5) 566-578 INTRODUCTION: Bystander-based programs have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence at colleges, yet limited rigorous evaluations have addressed bystander intervention effectiveness in high schools. This study evaluated the Green Dot bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence and related forms of interpersonal violence in 26 high schools over 5 years. DESIGN: A cluster RCT was conducted. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Kentucky high schools were randomized to intervention or control (wait list) conditions. INTERVENTION: Green Dot-trained educators conducted schoolwide presentations and recruited student popular opinion leaders to receive bystander training in intervention schools beginning in Year 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was sexual violence perpetration, and related forms of interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration were also measured using anonymous student surveys collected at baseline and annually from 2010 to 2014. Because the school was the unit of analysis, violence measures were aggregated by school and year and school-level counts were provided. RESULTS: A total of 89,707 students completed surveys. The primary, as randomized, analyses conducted in 2014-2016 included linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations to examine the condition-time interaction on violence outcomes. Slopes of school-level totals of sexual violence perpetration (condition-time, p<0.001) and victimization (condition-time, p<0.001) were different over time. During Years 3-4, when Green Dot was fully implemented, the mean number of sexual violent events prevented by the intervention was 120 in Intervention Year 3 and 88 in Year 4. For Year 3, prevalence rate ratios for sexual violence perpetration in the intervention relative to control schools were 0.83 (95% CI=0.70, 0.99) in Year 3 and 0.79 (95% CI=0.67, 0.94) in Year 4. Similar patterns were observed for sexual violence victimization, sexual harassment, stalking, and dating violence perpetration and victimization. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of Green Dot in Kentucky high schools significantly decreased not only sexual violence perpetration but also other forms of interpersonal violence perpetration and victimization. |
Racial and ethnic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment
Coker TR , Elliott MN , Toomey SL , Schwebel DC , Cuccaro P , Tortolero Emery S , Davies SL , Visser SN , Schuster MA . Pediatrics 2016 138 (3) OBJECTIVES: We examined racial/ethnic disparities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and medication use and determined whether medication disparities were more likely due to underdiagnosis or undertreatment of African-American and Latino children, or overdiagnosis or overtreatment of white children. METHODS: We used a population-based, multisite sample of 4297 children and parents surveyed over 3 waves (fifth, seventh, and 10th grades). Multivariate logistic regression examined disparities in parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and medication use in the following analyses: (1) using the total sample; (2) limited to children with an ADHD diagnosis or symptoms; and (3) limited to children without a diagnosis or symptoms. RESULTS: Across all waves, African-American and Latino children, compared with white children, had lower odds of having an ADHD diagnosis and of taking ADHD medication, controlling for sociodemographics, ADHD symptoms, and other potential comorbid mental health symptoms. Among children with an ADHD diagnosis or symptoms, African-American children had lower odds of medication use at fifth, seventh, and 10th grades, and Latino children had lower odds at fifth and 10th grades. Among children who had neither ADHD symptoms nor ADHD diagnosis by fifth grade (and thus would not likely meet ADHD diagnostic criteria at any age), medication use did not vary by race/ethnicity in adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic disparities in parent-reported medication use for ADHD are robust, persisting from fifth grade to 10th grade. These findings suggest that disparities may be more likely related to underdiagnosis and undertreatment of African-American and Latino children as opposed to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of white children. |
Multi-college bystander intervention evaluation for violence prevention
Coker AL , Bush HM , Fisher BS , Swan SC , Williams CM , Clear ER , DeGue S . Am J Prev Med 2015 50 (3) 295-302 INTRODUCTION: The 2013 Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act requires U.S. colleges to provide bystander-based training to reduce sexual violence, but little is known about the efficacy of such programs for preventing violent behavior. This study provides the first multiyear evaluation of a bystander intervention's campus-level impact on reducing interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration behavior on college campuses. METHODS: First-year students attending three similarly sized public university campuses were randomly selected and invited to complete online surveys in the spring terms of 2010-2013. On one campus, the Green Dot bystander intervention was implemented in 2008 (Intervention, n=2,979) and two comparison campuses had no bystander programming at baseline (Comparison, n=4,132). Data analyses conducted in 2014-2015 compared violence rates by condition over the four survey periods. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate violence risk on Intervention relative to Comparison campuses, adjusting for demographic factors and time (2010-2013). RESULTS: Interpersonal violence victimization rates (measured in the past academic year) were 17% lower among students attending the Intervention (46.4%) relative to Comparison (55.7%) campuses (adjusted rate ratio=0.83; 95% CI=0.79, 0.88); a similar pattern held for interpersonal violence perpetration (25.5% in Intervention; 32.2% in Comparison; adjusted rate ratio=0.79; 95% CI=0.71, 0.86). Violence rates were lower on Intervention versus Comparison campuses for unwanted sexual victimization, sexual harassment, stalking, and psychological dating violence victimization and perpetration (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Green Dot may be an efficacious intervention to reduce violence at the community level and meet Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act bystander training requirements. |
Rodents as hosts of infectious diseases: biological and ecological characteristics
Morand S , Jittapalapong S , Kosoy M . Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015 15 (1) 1-2 Rodents are recognized as hosts of more than 60 zoonotic diseases that represent a serious threat to human health (Meerburg et al. 2009, Luis et al. 2013). This special issue emerges from a workshop organized in Bangkok at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Kasetsart University and supported by the French ANR project CERoPath (Community Ecology of Rodents and their Pathogens in a Southeast Asian changing environment), which aimed at better understanding the relationships between rodent-borne diseases, rodents and their habitats using intensive field works, serology, and molecular screenings. The main objective of this workshop was to join ecologists, biologists, and epidemiologists to give an overview on the importance of rodents as hosts and reservoirs of parasitic and infectious diseases. Most of presentations given in the workshop focused in Southeast Asia, a hotspot of both infectious emerging diseases (Coker et al. 2011) and biodiversity at threat due to dramatic changes in land use (Morand et al. 2014). | A first challenge is related to the invasion or range expansion of rodents. The black rat (Rattus rattus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), Asian house rat, (Rattus tanezumi) and Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) like the house mice (Mus musculus), have dramatically expanded their geographic range as a consequence of human activities (Aplin et al. 2011). All of these Rattus species originated in Asia, and can be found in sympatry due to their synanthropic behavior (McFarlane et al. 2012). These rodents have been implicated (Kosoy et al., this issue), and still are implicated (Kuo et al. 2011), in the emergence and spread of plague, murine typhus, scrub typhus, leptospirosis, hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, among others. A better comprehension of the range extension mechanisms and consequences in term of infectious diseases' risks would require investigation of the genetics and immunology of these rodent species (Himsworth et al., this issue) as well on the ecological interactions among pathogens, vectors, and rodents. Gutiérrez et al. (this issue) in their review attempt to summarize and bridge some knowledge gaps in the transmission and distribution routes, and in the dynamics and composition of Bartonella-infection in rodents and their flea parasites. |
Media violence exposure and physical aggression in fifth-grade children
Coker TR , Elliott MN , Schwebel DC , Windle M , Toomey SL , Tortolero SR , Hertz MF , Peskin MF , Schuster MA . Acad Pediatr 2014 15 (1) 82-8 OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of media violence exposure and physical aggression in fifth graders across 3 media types. METHODS: We analyzed data from a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 5,147 fifth graders and their parents in 3 US metropolitan areas. We used multivariable linear regression and report partial correlation coefficients to examine associations between children's exposure to violence in television/film, video games, and music (reported time spent consuming media and reported frequency of violent content: physical fighting, hurting, shooting, or killing) and the Problem Behavior Frequency Scale. RESULTS: Child-reported media violence exposure was associated with physical aggression after multivariable adjustment for sociodemographics, family and community violence, and child mental health symptoms (partial correlation coefficients: TV, 0.17; video games, 0.15; music, 0.14). This association was significant and independent for television, video games, and music violence exposure in a model including all 3 media types (partial correlation coefficients: TV, 0.11; video games, 0.09; music, 0.09). There was a significant positive interaction between media time and media violence for video games and music but not for television. Effect sizes for the association of media violence exposure and physical aggression were greater in magnitude than for most of the other examined variables. CONCLUSIONS: The association between physical aggression and media violence exposure is robust and persistent; the strength of this association of media violence may be at least as important as that of other factors with physical aggression in children, such as neighborhood violence, home violence, child mental health, and male gender. |
Evaluation of the Green Dot bystander intervention to reduce interpersonal violence among college students across three campuses
Coker AL , Fisher BS , Bush HM , Swan SC , Williams CM , Clear ER , DeGue S . Violence Against Women 2014 21 (12) 1507-27 Evidence suggests that interventions to engage bystanders in violence prevention increase bystander intentions and efficacy to intervene, yet the impact of such programs on violence remains unknown. This study compared rates of violence by type among undergraduate students attending a college campus with the Green Dot bystander intervention (n = 2,768) with students at two colleges without bystander programs (n = 4,258). Violent victimization rates were significantly (p < .01) lower among students attending the campus with Green Dot relative to the two comparison campuses. Violence perpetration rates were lower among males attending the intervention campus. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed. |
Influenza viruses in Nigeria, 2009-2010: results from the first 17 months of a national influenza sentinel surveillance system
Dalhatu IT , Medina-Marino A , Olsen SJ , Hwang I , Gubio AB , Ekanem EE , Coker EB , Akpan H , Adedeji AA . J Infect Dis 2012 206 Suppl 1 S121-8 BACKGROUND: Influenza surveillance data from tropical, sub-Saharan African countries are limited. To better understand the epidemiology of influenza, Nigeria initiated influenza surveillance in 2008. METHODS: Outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and inpatients with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) were enrolled at 4 sentinel facilities. Epidemiologic data were obtained, and respiratory specimens were tested for influenza viruses, using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS: During April 2009-August 2010, 2841 patients were enrolled. Of 2803 specimens tested, 217 (7.7%) were positive for influenza viruses (167 [8%] were from subjects with ILI, 17 [5%] were from subjects with SARI, and 33 were from subjects with an unclassified condition). During the prepandemic period, subtype H3N2 (A[H3N2]) was the dominant circulating influenza A virus subtype; 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A[H1N1]pdm09) replaced A(H3N2) as the dominant circulating virus during November 2009. Among persons with ILI, A(H1N1)pdm09 was most frequently found in children aged 5-17 years, whereas among subjects with SARI, it was most frequently found in persons aged ≥ 65 years. The percentage of specimens that tested positive for influenza viruses peaked at 18.9% in February 2010, and the majority were A(H1N1)pdm09. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza viruses cause ILI and SARI in Nigeria. Data from additional years are needed to better understand the epidemiology and seasonality of influenza viruses in Nigeria. |
Delayed 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 circulation in West Africa, May 2009-April 2010
Nzussouo NT , Michalove J , Diop OM , Njouom R , Monteiro Mde L , Adje HK , Manoncourt S , Amankwa J , Koivogui L , Sow S , Elkory MB , Collard JM , Dalhatu I , Niang MN , Lafond K , Moniz F , Coulibaly D , Kronman KC , Oyofo BA , Ampofo W , Tamboura B , Bara AO , Jusot JF , Ekanem E , Sarr FD , Hwang I , Cornelius C , Coker B , Lindstrom S , Davis R , Dueger E , Moen A , Widdowson MA . J Infect Dis 2012 206 Suppl 1 S101-7 To understand 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A[H1N1]pdm09) circulation in West Africa, we collected influenza surveillance data from ministries of health and influenza laboratories in 10 countries, including Cameroon, from 4 May 2009 through 3 April 2010. A total of 10,203 respiratory specimens were tested, of which 25% were positive for influenza virus. Until the end of December 2009, only 14% of all detected strains were A(H1N1)pdm09, but the frequency increased to 89% from January through 3 April 2010. Five West African countries did not report their first A(H1N1)pdm09 case until 6 months after the emergence of the pandemic in North America, in April 2009. The time from first detection of A(H1N1)pdm09 in a country to the time of A(H1N1)pdm09 predominance varied from 0 to 37 weeks. Seven countries did not report A(H1N1)pdm09 predominance until 2010. Introduction and transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 were delayed in this region. |
Association of family stressful life-change events and health-related quality of life in fifth-grade children
Coker TR , Elliott MN , Wallander JL , Cuccaro P , Grunbaum JA , Corona R , Saunders AE , Schuster MA . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011 165 (4) 354-9 OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of recent family-related stressful life-change events (SLEs) with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in fifth graders. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Three US metropolitan areas; 2004-2006. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5147 fifth graders and their parents. MAIN EXPOSURES: Nine recent family-related SLEs: a parent's death, another family member's death, a family member's injury/illness, a family member's alcohol/drug problems, loss of a pet, recent change of residence, addition of a new baby or child to the household, parental separation, and parental divorce. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The HRQOL measured using the 23-item Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. RESULTS: Twenty-four percent of children had no reported recent SLEs; 33% had 1, 25% had 2, 12% had 3, and 6% had 4 or more. Mean HRQOL scores (total, physical, and psychosocial scales) were lower for children with more SLEs. The mean total HRQOL score was 80.4 (95% confidence interval, 79.4-81.3) for children with no recent SLEs and 71.8 (70.2-73.5) for children with 4 or more SLEs (P < .001). In adjusted logistic regression analyses, children with more SLEs had greater odds of impaired HRQOL compared with children without any SLEs. Psychosocial HRQOL fully mediated the relationship between SLEs and physical HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of multiple family-related SLEs in children is associated with less positive HRQOL. By incorporating the needs of families as part of comprehensive, high-quality care, health care professionals can identify these types of family-level needs and assist families in accessing community resources for support. |
Racial/ethnic disparities in survival among men diagnosed with prostate cancer in Texas
White A , Coker AL , Du XL , Eggleston KS , Williams M . Cancer 2011 117 (5) 1080-8 BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have examined racial differences in prostate cancer survival while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). No such studies have examined this association in Texas, a large state with significant ethnic and racial diversity. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether racial disparities in survival for men diagnosed with prostate cancer in Texas from 1995 through 2002 remained after adjusting for SES, rural residence, and stage of disease. METHODS: A cohort of 87,449 men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer was identified from the Texas Cancer Registry. The SES measure was based on census tract data reflecting median household income, median home value, and percentages of men living below poverty, with a college education, and with a management or professional occupation. The 5-year survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for race and all-cause and disease-specific mortality. RESULTS: After adjusting for SES, age, stage of disease, tumor grade, year of diagnosis, and rural residence, both black and Hispanic men were more likely (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.70 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.58-1.83] and aHR, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.02-1.20], respectively) to die of prostate cancer compared with white men. The pattern of survival disadvantage for black men held for those diagnosed with localized disease and advanced disease, and for those with an unknown stage of disease at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial racial disparities in prostate cancer survival were found for men in Texas. Future studies should incorporate treatment data as well as comorbid conditions because this information may explain noted survival disparities. Cancer 2011. (c) 2010 American Cancer Society. |
Prevalence, characteristics, and associated health and health care of family homelessness among fifth-grade students
Coker TR , Elliott MN , Kanouse DE , Grunbaum JA , Gilliland MJ , Tortolero SR , Cuccaro P , Schuster MA . Am J Public Health 2009 99 (8) 1446-52 OBJECTIVES: We describe the lifetime prevalence and associated health-related concerns of family homelessness among fifth-grade students. METHODS: We used a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 5147 fifth-grade students in 3 US cities to analyze parent-reported measures of family homelessness, child health status, health care access and use, and emotional, developmental, and behavioral health and child-reported measures of health-related quality of life and exposure to violence. RESULTS: Seven percent of parents reported that they and their child had experienced homelessness (i.e., staying in shelters, cars, or on the street). Black children and children in the poorest families had the highest prevalence of homelessness (11%). In adjusted analyses, most general health measures were similar for children who had and had not been homeless. Children who had ever experienced homelessness were more likely to have an emotional, behavioral, or developmental problem (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.6; P = .01), to have received mental health care (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.6, 3.2; P < .001), and to have witnessed serious violence with a knife (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.3; P = .007) than were children who were never homeless. CONCLUSIONS: Family homelessness affects a substantial minority of fifth-grade children and may have an impact on their emotional, developmental, and behavioral health. |
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